Balabhadrapur: Life in a Village Essay

The name of my village is Balabhadrapur. It is situated on the bank of the Brahmani. My village is separated from other villages by the main river on one side and by its tributary on two other sides. The village is very old and has a number of special features. Although it faces flood every year, the geographical feature of the village has not altered. It is believed that Lord Balabhadra who is the village deity protects this village in all kinds of disaster. Another specialty of this village is that there is no Brahmin family here. All the families bear the surname of Sahu. Although they are weavers by caste, there is no sign of weaving. They are farmers. It is said that in old days the king ordered the people of this village to weave for him a special cloth. As the weavers delayed their work, the king was enraged and punished them. The villagers were united and revolted against the king. They stopped doing their profession. Being deprived of the royal help they solely depended on farming. Since that day they have been doing agriculture only. It is a small village with only thirty families. Its population is about two hundred only. It is sixty kilometers away from the Bay of Bengal. It looks green as there are many green trees in our village. The temple of Lord Balabhadra is situated in the middle of the village. There is also a big pond near the temple. There are champak trees, mango trees, a few oleander trees and a big peepal tree around the pond. This part of our village presents a beautiful: it. The smell of flowers and mango buds combined with how attractive colour arrests everybody’s attention. Our village has a fair weather connection with the main road. As it is a very small village, the government has taken no step to construct a bridge over the river. In spite of it our village is a developed one. There is a school with teaching facility up to the matriculation stage. For the purpose of medicine the villagers depend upon the neighboring village where there is a dispensary, a post office, and a market. The main occupation of our villagers is cultivation. Our village has a good name for vegetable production. The river is very helpful to our villagers. All kinds of seasonal vegetables are available in good quality and cheap price. For this reason, many vegetable merchants come to our village for collecting fresh vegetables in large quantity. However, our villagers are united and therefore they are seldom influenced by the foreign merchants. Our village has been awarded a cash award of ten thousand rupees by the Collector for the cleanliness and purity of atmosphere. The villagers do not differ on any issue. If at all there is a dispute, they sit together and settle it amicably. Ever since I born, I have lived in Delhi. Since I had heard a lot about village, I wanted to visit one. And at last I got an opportunity. One day our teacher decided that he would take us to a village, situated at a distance of 15 kilometers from Delhi. He wanted us to see for ourselves the crops of the season. Sunday was the day fixed for the visit. We started in the morning in a bus. The journey from Delhi to the village was much fun. The moment we were out of Delhi we seemed to have entered a new world. The air tasted sweet. Everything was different from what we had seen in the city. We reached the village in an hour. Our teacher contacted the village headman. The headman was an old man but strong, agile and healthy. He offered to take us round the fields. Walking through the village I had a strange feeling. I felt free the way I had never felt before. There were no city crowds, no maddening din of the work-a-day world. Nobody seemed to be in a hurry. There was no terror of the speeding traffic. It was all in complete contrast to what I had grown accustomed to in the city. I saw people just sitting outside their houses, doing nothing and then I saw others who were moving about to attend to their work. But none, working or idle, seemed to be pressed for time. There was a strange expression of calmness, contentment and courage on every face. When we reached the fields we saw all the beauty of nature, all the wealth that mother earth yields to her beloved children pull grown, bountiful crops were waving in the fields. We stood on the edge of a field and saw the expanse of land before us, land laden with the fruit of human labour. The scenery fascinated us. For a moment we forgot our city life. The experience was like a rebirth. Soon our teacher was telling us about the crops before us. All that we had read in books came alive before our eyes. The headman made everything all the more interesting by adding comments from his own experience. We stayed in the fields for an hour or so. Then our teacher took us to a well. It was surrounded by trees. We sat under those trees and had our lunch which we had carried with us. The headman joined us on our invitation. He liked our lunch very much. In the end our teacher thanked the headman and we started for home. It was indeed a day of joy for all of us, a day on which we really lived.

Self-Verification

Self-verification is a social psychological theory that asserts people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves, that is self-views (including self-concepts and self-esteem). Because chronic self-concepts and self-esteem play an important role in understanding the world, providing a sense of coherence, and guiding action, people become motivated to maintain them through self-verification. Such strivings provide stability to people’s lives, making their experiences more coherent, orderly, and comprehensible than they would be otherwise.Self-verification processes are also adaptive for groups, groups of diverse backgrounds and the larger society, in that they make people predictable to one another thus serve to facilitate social interaction. To this end, people engage in a variety of activities that are designed to obtain self-verifying information. According to self-verification, people prefer feedback that i s consistent with their self-concept even when that feedback is unflattering. They will not accept feedback that is at odds with their self-concept.In our hypothesis, men who chose to use urinals for urination are meant to be more confident and have a stronger self-esteem than those who chose to use toilet bowls. They have a stronger self-concept and hence stronger self-verification. They would consider that they did a good job and deserved a more positive feedback. Therefore, a more positive feedback would increase their motivation and performance. If less positive feedback is given to this group of people, they would not receive this feedback as the less positive feedback did not match with their self-concept.For those chose to use toilet bowl, which showed that they had less confidence and lower self-concept, a less positive feedback would cause a higher motivation and performance since they think they deserved less positive feedback. They would accept it and hence it satisfied t heir self-esteem. Once their self-esteem is satisfied, they would promote to a higher hierarchy: self-actualization. P. s. I dun know when to use self-concept, self-esteem, self-verification these suck words. Since I only got the fucking old both without these suck words and definitions.

Perasuasive Sales Letter Essay

This short letter revolves around one important point: blood donated for infusions can be stored for no longer than 72 hours, after which it will be discarded. This means that people are in serious danger of dying depend on the daily efforts of all Americans who donate blood to save them. Today, the situation is critical because national supplies stored at Red Cross have dropped to dangerously low levels. This means that many people may not survive for very long once they get into a traffic accident or collapse because of a health problem. Luckily for them, professionals from the Red Cross over the years have developed impressive expertise in finding, processing and using donated blood. More importantly, they have developed an effective way to raise interest in blood donation through initiatives such as Blood Mobile. An impressive example of a life saved is that of five-year-old Melissa who was diagnosed with multiple congenital heart defects at birth, which caused her first open-heart surgery a week after her birth. To this point, her life has depended on using donor bloods that keeps her alive. Without 50 units of blood donated by different people, she would not have overcome her illness and survive till this day. The effort to collect blood for transfusions is going around the nation: restaurants, company offices, even beauty parlors – quite a wide range of businesses have already hosted Red Cross blood drives. The Pechanga Casino Entertainment Center can also make a serious contribution to the ongoing donation effort by hosting a Red Cross Blood Drive. By doing so, we will undoubtedly be able to gather large amount of blood, helping many people to cope with their illness. The mission of this campaign is clear and appealing. It consists in delivering donors’ blood to those patients who need it urgently. In doing so, the casino will attract people who qualify for blood donation. To be eligible for take part, one has to be over 17 years of age and weigh no less than 110 pounds. I am sure that a large number of people who meet these criteria as well as their friends and relatives will be willing to come to our casino to participate in the noble effort. Today, we can help thousands of people in urgent need of blood supply through a simple, yet effective effort. The Pechanga Casino Entertainment Center can organize a Red Cross Blood Drive, and I will be more than happy to lead the effort. Given my past experience in organising Toys for tots drive last year, I feel confident in handling the promotion for the event, especially since I know the Red Cross will supply plenty of materials to help in the organizing process. We can make a contribution to saving thousands of lives through hosting this event, a contribution that will improve our corporate image in this locality and beyond. In the words of Melissa’s mother, we can â€Å"give a piece of themselves† to help those in whose position we can find ourselves at some point. I am positive that many employees will share my enthusiasm for the event. I also have trust that the community will not let this event pass unnoticed and will regard the organisation that initiated it with high esteem. You can assess for yourselves the promises it holds for the growth of our business.

Given that users prefer redress mechanisms to be independent, what Essay

Given that users prefer redress mechanisms to be independent, what justifications explain why some parts of redress mechanism are independent and others are not - Essay Example A good example is the tribunals that are managed by independent tribunals that automatically have to be independent. This is for the reason that they function in a quasi-judicial approach that needs no influence from other forces. These tribunals would, therefore, make it easier for implementation of policies of the tribunals. The Ombudsmen services are yet other independent bodies2. They are run under the leadership of independent Ombudsmen, mostly referred to as commissioners. These bodies need to be independent for the reason that they are charged with the responsibility of investigating various complaints from the citizens. In the case of poor administration, or even offering of poor services to the citizens, these organizations ought to operate independently, if the results have to be free and fair. The Parliamentary and Health Services Ombudsman Offices are the most common in

Distinguish between the public and private aspects of human sexuality Research Paper - 1

Distinguish between the public and private aspects of human sexuality - Research Paper Example essed by profound emotions or feelings, and that might be established in physical anxieties about the public aspects of sexual conduct (Harold & Hobby, 17) Human sexuality is a discipline of study and research which focuses on each and every aspect of humans as sexual beings. Mainly, human sexuality comprises much more than the human anatomy and sexual responses, but integrates how human beings engage in relationships and conducts that determine their desires and sexual individuality as well as their overall well-being, sexual health, and their expression and perceptions (Neil, 32). Understanding and studying the human sexuality stretches way beyond the private and public aspect of its sense. Its study includes having a complete thoughtful and enriching emotional prospects and also improving self-knowledge, one’s identity, and awareness of morals and ideals. Regardless of one’s background, tradition, faith, or culture human sexuality will always play a vital part in people’s lives from their early ages until old age (Harold & Hobby, 18). Understanding and undergoing sexual issues, behaviors, and in which ways they are involved in our environment and our daily lives determine how we respond to specific situations, other individuals, and most vital, human relationships. Human sexuality has got a lot to do with emotional rejoinders such as morals, self-worth, and responsibilities. There exists several delusions as well as actual truths that are involved in perception of human sexuality (Harold & Hobby, 17). Among the private human relationships that are sheltered by the freedom are human sexual relationships. Ways in which individuals express their sexuality is a basic part of private aspect of human sexuality (Neil, 32). The Human Rights Committee together with the European Courts have considered sexual life to be an integral part of individual’s privacy and in present years have ruled that any law that prohibits acts of homosexuality contain an

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Anthropology - Essay Example Scientific theories are accurate, comprehensive, and reliable aspect of the scientific knowledge, which is different from the theory definition that explains its common usage of something that exploratory or unproven. When there are evidences to support the hypothesis, the testing changes its name to a theory, which becomes a convincing justification of the phenomena. As mentioned earlier, when a theory is used in non-scientific perspective it refers to something, which is speculative or unproven. However, when used in the scientific context, it refers to a model based on experimentation, reasoning, observation, and one that is confirmed and tested as a principle that clarify and forecast natural phenomena. Typically, a scientific theory should base its concept on a rational and careful examination of facts that can be measured and observed for evidences purposes. This is because although scientists may have different analysis of the experiments observations and outcomes, the facts of the scientific method cannot change. For a theory to be a scientific theory, it should be tested regularly by different scientists in different places and should pass the test when tested. Still, it should fit in other scientific theories of difference branches such as chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, geology among others. In this case, a scientific theory in one of the mentioned branch should hold the truth in other branches of science. For instance, atomic theory of matter was discovered in physics. However, it was later applied in other branches of sciences such as chemistry through chemicals used, biology on the living tissue, rocks learnt in geology, and planets studied in astronomy. With this in mind, it stands out that the atomic theory of matter hold true in all branches of science. The following are lists of major scientific theories with no invalidity when tested. These are atomic theory of matter, cell theory, evolution theory,

Worldview as it Relates to Philosophy Research Paper

Worldview as it Relates to Philosophy - Research Paper Example Through experience and education individuals develop these perspectives and implement them as a means of living their daily existence. When considering myself I recognize that my worldview has changed drastically over the course of my life and has been greatly influenced by experience and philosophy. This essay considers my current worldview and the way my past worldview has been influenced and changed through philosophy. Before taking this course my worldview was strongly rooted in religious doctrines. Throughout the formative periods of my life I grew up in an environment that was strictly Christian. Within this environment my parents and most of my peers believed in the major tenants of the Christian religion. Growing up in this environment I learned to adopt most of the religious principles that are espoused by the Christian religion. In terms of the creation of the world I believed that Earth and the universe had been created by God. I believed in morals as they related to the c oncept of good and evil as established by the Bible. In these regards, morality was presented as an easily understandable concept – if an individual adhered to the law and the tenants of the Bible then they were a moral and good person. I also embraced a concept of the afterlife. If individuals adhered to the Biblical principles and allowed God into their life then I believed they would go to heaven. Conversely, if they disregarded these aspects, they would go to Hell. My relation to science and logic were complex. While I embraced the principle of science in an overarching sense, I came to believe that oftentimes science could be wrong or mistaken. Specifically, in terms of evolution and cosmology I believed that while scientists had approached the concepts of existence and biology with their greatest ability, they were ultimately flawed in their findings. I understood that that ultimately their current scientific investigations would be proven wrong and they would ultimatel y discover that God and Biblical principles were the true reality of existence. When I look back on my worldview during this period of my life I recognize that I was greatly influenced by my personal surroundings and parents’ influence. As I gradually became more exposed to new ideas and new people my worldview drastically changed. In large part, the philosophical ideas I was exposed to in this course shaped and sharpened my worldview in a variety of ways. One of the major notions that I came to recognize through my research in philosophy emerged in terms of Christian morality. While Christianity noted that there were easily understood concepts of good and evil, my exposure to philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche in Beyond Good and Evil led me to understand that moral actions couldn’t easily be broken down into concepts of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ but often involve a complex number of philosophical implications (Nietzsche 1993). Another profound such changes that I experienced occurred in my understanding and eventual embracement of scientific principles. As I previously indicated that I had believed science did not properly understand Christian understandings of the world, as I became exposed to more scientific thought I came to understand that in large part the principles behind such concepts as evolution are supported by substantial scientific research. In these regards, I learned to increasingly embrace the notion that many of the claims made in the Bible may be wrong. As I became exposed to earlier notions of mythology, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, which contains a flood story, I further came to recognize

Sampling Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sampling Techniques - Essay Example To start with, probability sampling involves random selection and has four methods as follows. Simple random sampling where there is an equal chance of selection for every element. In systematic random sampling every nineth element is selected while stratified random sampling is one in which population is divided into segments (Trochim, 2004). Lastly cluster sample is where a particular subgroup is randomly chosen to represent the population under study. In conclusion, non-probability random samples occur due to influence by certain factors. These factors are as follows: Convenience which is easy to find, purposive relating to the purpose intended, snowball sampling where the chosen subject suggests another, and finally quota which involves subgroups chosen to represent a quota of the population to be studied (Tille and Ardilly,187). Sampling advantages are time saving, economical, easy to adapt, reliable and indispensable. Limitations of sampling or inaccuracy in the results, expensive in terms of time and energy, unsuitable in that not applicable to other areas, and inherent defects in the

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan - Essay Example Starbucks recognizes itself as a family destination. It has been offering milk and hot chocolate for kids but of late, the company has recognized a growing market segment in teenagers. The teens even now walk in and indulge in 16-ounce Frappucinos that contains a high dose of caffeine (Linn 2007). Since there is a family destination and since teens frequent the stores, they must have products suitable for the age group. Moreover, McDonald's and Denny’s offer high quality coffee menus. To counter competition and to stay ahead of competitive tactics, Starbucks needs to be ahead of competitors. The company, by introducing innovating products for the new segment, could offer products that are healthy for the teens. This objective would be in line with their corporate vision of being a family destination. Moreover, one of their guiding principles in their mission statement is â€Å"Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time† (Kembell, Hawks, Kembel, Perry a nd Olsen 2002). SWOT and risk analysis Before introducing the product for the new target segment, SWOT analysis would help determine the risks involved. Strengths Global Coffee brand, strong reputation and good products and services It has 17,000 stores in 49 countries Focus on quality and experience rather than on price Strong brand image and a considerable market share.

Comparison of Operating System Kernels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Comparison of Operating System Kernels - Essay Example Different kinds of operating systems are available and in completion amongst one another. These come in form of products from Microsoft, Apple, Linux, FreeBSD and many more. Each of them has a large customer bench and has its own characteristics; it is these characteristics that make them unique and most sought after. At the same time these characteristics are totally unique in their way and facilitate the users in many ways. Computer itself is a large entity, and has many components such as memory unit, processing unit, operating system, cache, and many more parts. It is the operating system that holds the kernel within itself. Kernel is a series of instructions, processes and programs that are joined together, grouped into large entity to perform the tasks. For example a particular process, and a particular program may be designed to execute a certain function, the kernel is a larger entity that is created to enable execution of the entire operating system. While programs are related to the virtual mode, the kernel is also concerned with the physical mode and physical operations as well. Kernel is that part which provides a bridge between the software and hardware; it acts as an intermediate source between the two and facilitates each of them in making up an entire computer system for purpose of all the operations that we perform on the outside face of it(Pfleeger & Pfleeger, 2012,351). Before creating a kernel, a lot of thought is invested in to it, this thought pertains to the kind of customers it would entertain, the kind of functions it would provide, what capacity it would support, and most importantly the kind of work that would be performed by it. Based on these considerations, the kernels are designed to provide maximum benefit to the users and enrich the usage of computers along with aim of providing maximum ease. Other factors which distinguish the kernels support and

College Entrance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College Entrance - Essay Example Indeed, I was imbued with self esteem as I learned about the life and ideas of Dr. Martin Luther King. Once I came across his story, I had a journey through the way how Dr. King invoked the people. Dr. King’s motto ‘not to give up’ inspired me to withstand the trials and tribulations I had been facing throughout my middle school (6-8) grades. I was afraid of reporting due to the fear of repercussion. However despite the fear of ramification, I often weighed my sufferings against those of Dr. King in his efforts to take up nonviolence in his movement. His greatest speech I have a dream, still echoes in my heart, â€Å"I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, and every rough place will be made plain† (Luther-King & King, C, 2007, 25). The way how he fought for equality, a determined process that helped the Americans realize their intolerance is highly admirable. Evidently, the knowledge of such a distinguished personality and of his strong convictions helped me recover my wounded heart. King was philosophical and sympathetic when mingling with common people. However he needed to break the repression of ideas and come out with initiation to adopt new ventures in social life. This is one of the notable aspects of my own character I believe, because I do not usually flare-up when I confront with unexpected challenges; instead, I try to calm myself and wait for the right time to act. Dr. King’s will power and confidence in the battle against discrimination stirred me up from the harsh experiences. And moreover, it made me think that race and gender are only shadows in life whereas determination, attitude, character, self-discipline and willpower are the true substance of life. At this juncture, it is relevant to recall his words again; â€Å"and so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream; I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the

Online Dating Service and Long-term Relationship Essay Example for Free

Online Dating Service and Long-term Relationship Essay In the last couple of weeks, eHarmony, a dating website that promises to help you find a long-term relationship for a relatively modest monthly subscription fee, has been offering a free trial: 10 days of free communication. This marketing campaign is designed to attract new customers and convert some of the existing ones to become paying members (currently it claims more than 20 million registered users). This seems like a reasonable growth strategy: more paying customers will help eHarmony grow and improve its bottom line. As with any platform business, eHarmony relies on having lots of people in its database. Having more people to choose from makes it more likely that the site will find a good match. Clearly, offering a free trial period is a good way to attract more people to the site. But in fact, for reasons my colleague Misiek Piskorski and I study (pdf), it may not be good for eHarmonys business. eHarmony is not your usual online dating site. Unlike Match. com or OkCupid, users do not get to browse tons of profiles to see if there is someone they might like. Instead, eHarmony does the choosing for you, sending you a limited number of compatible matches — candidates the sites proprietary algorithm thinks will make a good match. The company also differs because it aims at people who are looking for long-term relationship or even marriage, not those who look for casual dating. To successfully match people who are looking for a long-term relationship, eHarmony needs not just a lot of people in their database, it also needs people who are ready for a long-term relationship. This seems self-evident, but cluttering up the site with those looking for something else will increase the noise-to-signal ration and make matching harder. In its everyday business, eHarmony does an excellent job by discouraging potential customers who may not be so serious about dating. They ask potential members to complete a very long questionnaire of more than 250 questions. And if the answers suggest that you are not serious enough, they reject you. eHarmony also charges more than Match. com — up to a 25 percent premium. As a result, only people who really care about establishing a long-term relationship will end up at the site. If the value youre offering your customers rests on exclusive membership of similarly minded relationship seekers, what happens if you make it easy for others to get in for a while? You might get a lot of people who dont care that much about a serious relationship, or who are looking for a different product, like a quick adventure. When such people roam around your site, they create a negative externality for your core members, who may discover that its more difficult to find a long-term relationship — the very service they had paid a premium to get. In a nutshell, when you lower the barriers to entry, you threaten your core value proposition to your most valuable customers. So promotion strategies that work well for Match. com or other platforms — like job-hunting sites — may be dangerous for eHarmony, as they may unintentionally undermine the sites core value proposition. Fortunately, eHarmony didnt really get it wrong. It has instituted a number of safeguards that prevent not-so-serious people from getting on the site even during the free trial. People who want to try the site for 10 days still need to complete the long questionnaire, and may still be rejected if their answers suggest they are not serious enough. Only after jumping this major hurdle can the potential members enjoy the free trial. And if they are not serious enough to pay the membership fee after the 10th day, they will exit the pool of potential matches. This tension between a seemingly natural marketing tactic and a companys value proposition may not be obvious, but it does affect many companies that operate platforms similar to that of eHarmony. Increasing the size of your tent isnt always in your companys best interest. It pays to ask, Who is your customer and what product do they want from you?

History of the Rule of Law

History of the Rule of Law Law Society Rule The question of the purpose of the rule of law and how the boundaries should be drawn between moral judgement and the need to maintain a basic level of order within a society has been asked, over the centuries, by many eminent theorists from the legal, political and philosophical world. Several different opinions have emerged with varying degrees of agreement, with the concept that the rule of law is the law and we must obey it, regardless of how unjust the rules may appear. Although the exact meaning of the rule of law has been interpreted in different ways by the various different theorists, the very basic principle that the rule of law means that no individual is above the law seems to hold in all interpretations. In England, the prime example of the rule of law is the Magna Carter in which King John agreed to abide by the feudal laws and the placing of limits on fees relating to feudal land. What is the Rule of Law? Before considering whether or not the rule of law consists merely of a body of rules or whether there is more to the way in which the rule of law is applied, it is first necessary to consider exactly what is meant by the ‘rule of law’. Dicey was not, in fact, responsible for the birth of the rule of law, but was instrumental in bringing it into the public arena for debate and consideration. He contended that the rule of law was made up of three key principles. Firstly, that an individual has the freedom to act in any way he so wishes without punishment provided it is not in breach of any law. This gives supremacy to the rule of law over any other arbitrary act of power that is not backed in law. Secondly, that no one is above the law meaning that every subject, regardless of stature, can be held accountable to the law and punished in the courts of the land. Thirdly, that the rule of law is based on the collective rights of all individuals. Essentially, this means that the courts will enforce individual rights on a collective basis to all subjects within its jurisdiction. This basic concept has been somewhat extended in recent years, most notably by Lord Bingham in his lecture given on 16 November 2006 to Cambridge University where he put forward eight sub-rules that should be seen as part of the overall rule of law. These were that firstly, the law should be available and understandable to all it governs, based on the premise that if someone is to be governed by a law they should be able to understand it fully. Secondly, that when faced with the decision of liability or accountability, the law should be used without so far as is possible the use of discretion. Thirdly, that the law in the way in which it is applied should be equal and universal to all. He did, however, recognise that at times it would be necessary for some individuals to be treated differently. Fourthly, that any law must provide a basic level of protection for all fundamental human rights, to every subject, regardless of circumstances. Fifthly, where there is a civil dispute that cannot be resolved, the parties should have access to cost effective and efficient means of dealing with the dispute. Sixthly, that all members of government or officers of the government should act in good faith when carrying out their law enforcement duties and should not act outside of their individual powers. Seventhly, that any adjudicative process should be fair and transparent in the way it arrives at decisions. Finally, the state has to consider its obligations to international law when complying with any national rule of law. In essence, the rules laid out by L Bingham are not substantially different from those laid out by Dicey; they are merely more detailed regarding the way in which the laws should be applied. This offers greater guidance on the subject of what an individual should do when faced with a seemingly unjust law. It also gives greater insight into the way in which the rule of law should be viewed, generally, and applied in relation to other political, religious and moral frameworks. Application of the Rule of Law Having understood the basic principles of what the rule of law contains, it is then necessary to move forward to consider how this applies and actually works, in practice, in relation to society as a whole. Again, this area has drawn attention from some of the great legal theorists of all time and has, in some cases, been hotly debated. One of the fundamental ideas laid down by Dicey is that the government has no greater authority in terms of the way in which it is viewed in the courts. The rule of law clearly indicates that the government must have restraints and cannot simply act in any arbitrary way that it pleases. This has been borne out in several court cases including the early case of Entick v Carrington where it was held that the warrant a Home Secretary had issued to enter a privately owned property was against the law and, therefore, the government was guilty of trespass. Theorists from the very early stages have recognised that there is a need for some central rule to control all individuals. Not to have any central law would, almost certainly, result in anarchy. In its earliest format, the need for a rule of law was established by Plato and Aristotle where they recognised the need for at least a degree of rule or there would be complete anarchy within society. Without any form of law or rule the stronger and more cunning would effectively make the most of their position by exploiting the weak. It is almost universally accepted that someone needs to take overall control of a way that maintains democracy and prevents the weak from being exploited. For this central control to work, the power needs to be vested in some political and legislative authority. Aristotle, in particular, recognised the importance of the role of this central figure. He debated at length whether this central control should be the rule of law or rule of men. His eventual conclusion was that a rule of law was necessary and that the central figure had to be in the form of some higher governmental authority. He concluded that a rule of law was essential as laws are produced as a result of reason and thought and not based on pure passion. Moreover, having one individual leader can clearly lead to tyranny or self-serving actions. As the rules need to govern every adult individual, each individual should have a say in how these rules are established. Finally, a rotation of those in charge of the rule of law is desirable to ensure equality throughout. For these reasons, Aristotle concluded that a rule of law, operated in a democratic manner, is essential to ensure that rules are consistent and not arbitrary in the way they are both established and maintained. Encroachment on the Rule of Law Despite the universal recognition that the rule of law is both desirable and essential for the effective operation and governance of society, there have been several encroachments on the traditional rule of law. There is a body of thought that suggests the government has made several moves to encroach on the individual’s liberties. One of the most notable of these is the removal of the right to a trial by jury in certain limited circumstances. In doing so, it is argued that the equality and fairness of the system is lost. Individuals are not judged by their peers but are instead dictated to by a higher authority. Another area that has faced criticism is the way in which the secret service operates and, in particular, the Official Secrets Act and related gagging orders that have been put on certain individuals. Clive Ponting, who was a civil servant during the Falklands War, was gagged and prevented from speaking about the activities of the government, during this time. It is argued that this encroachment on individual liberties, to the extent that it is necessary to protect the greater good, should not be seen as a breaking of the overall essence of the rule of law. Although these governmental powers are seen as overpowering the individual’s rights, it is also argued that these encroachments would not in the normal course of daily activities come into contact with these encroachments. Similarly, it is also argued that governmental bodies such as the secret services are overseen by independent bodies and, therefore, are not able to act in a way that is arbitrary or discriminatory. Based on this, it can be concluded that whilst the rule of law is sometimes bent to accommodate the needs of the public as a whole, it cannot be carried out in an arbitrary way. Further, there are checks and balances in place to make sure that no single body exercises too much power over another. The Role of Customs One element of the rule of law which has to be considered when determining how the rules are established and how general customs should be dealt with in the creation of such laws is that of customary practice. This is particularly difficult as customs vary depending on regions, religions and even social classes and are therefore very difficult to control or legislate to take account of. Nevertheless, it should be noted that customs do not create laws, as such; they are simply used by judges when applying the law, which can at times result in an arbitrary application of customs in relation to the rule of law. In order to be recognised as a law, a custom must meet very stringent tests including the fact that it must have existed since ‘time immemorial’, i.e. it must have been in existence since at least 1189 (in accordance with a statute enacted in 1275). The custom must also be certain in terms of scope and application. The case of Wilson v Willes held the customary right to remove as much turf as was necessary from the manor common land. It was held that this custom was not sufficiently certain to be considered a valid law, as it was not clear what limits there were on the amount of turf. Other requirements include the locality of the custom as customs are only ever applied on a local and not national basis. They must have been consistently exercised and exercised as a right rather than an irregular whim. In short, the recognition of a custom as a legal rule is only applied in extreme circumstances and provided that it does not conflict with an existing law. The Role of Morality As established as early on as Aristotle’s works, the rule of man or general morality cannot be relied upon to provide the basis of legal structure for all individuals. Everyone has a different idea of what constitutes moral behaviour; to allow every individual to follow their own moral code would result in chaos and disorder. Whilst everyone has their own moral standards, most individuals recognise that there is a need for universal laws, even if they do not always fall in line with their own moral judgments. The difficulty comes when there is no apparent overall benefit to the law in question. For example, where the act does not harm another and there is seemingly no common purpose then, under the rule of law, there should be no law preventing such actions. This has been the case with homosexuality which is now not considered to be illegal. There are other activities that are thought of as illegal but not immoral, by some at least, such as driving over the speed limit, smoking marijuana or filing a false tax return. It is clear that although law and morality are interlinked, they are not directly and inextricably thought of as one. Despite this, individuals, on the whole will recognise that there is a need for a legal system and will consider it moral to follow these rules even if they do not fully agree with them. Are Unjust Laws, Laws at all? This differentiation between law and morality leads us to consider the ultimate question of whether the rule of law requires individuals to follow the law, even if it is manifestly unjust. Are individuals in fact obliged not to obey rules that they see as unjust as stated by Martin Luther King when he wrote from his jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama, stating ‘one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws’? Where an individual is governed by the rule of law but decides to break one of these laws as he views them as unjust, provided he accepts the resulting responsibility it can be said that he maintains his adherence to the rule of law. The rule of law states that he should be dealt with fairly and expediently and, therefore, spans a much greater remit than simply setting down the laws that must be followed. As stated by Dworkin, simply because the rule seems to be unjust does not give any individual the right to believe that it is a law at all. It does, however, give individuals the right to be dealt with fairly if they choose not to follow such a rule. Conclusions The rule of law is an essential part of any democratic society. A central set of rules that everyone must follow is required to prevent arbitrary rule and, ultimately, total anarchy. Having said this, the rule of law does not simply lay down a set of rules and apply them tyrannically. The rule of law has a much wider scope and considers how the laws should be applied and adapted to deal with societal changes and local customs. It is this overall framework of rules tainted with a degree of political and judicial discretion that makes the rule of law an ongoing success in dealing with the vagaries of human nature. Bibliography Aristotle, Ethics Book V, in K.S. Chukkol, ‘Enforcement of Judgements Against Public Officers and the Institutions and the Rule of Law’, in Ayua (ed.), Law, Justice and the Nigerian Society (NIALS, Lagos 1995) p. 61 David Brink, ‘Legal Positivism and Natural Law Reconsidered’ (1985) The Monist 68 364–387 Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (paperback ed., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1978) John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1980) Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law (revised ed., Yale University Press, New Haven London 1969) Robert George (ed.), Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992) Matthew Kramer, ‘On the Moral Status of the Rule of Law’ (2004) Cambridge Law Journal 63: 65

Supply Chain Management In Emirates Airline Commerce Essay

Supply Chain Management In Emirates Airline Commerce Essay The aviation industry is the fastest growing sector worldwide that has enhanced the travelling experience of passengers across the globe. With breakthrough inventions happening in the aviation industry, the business environment has become tough and competitive for the airlines operating in present times (Shieh, 1740). Recently, the emergence of low-cost airlines has severely impacted the businesses of those airlines that have been leading the aviation industry for decades. However, these new entrants still lag behind in the development of an effective Supply Chain Management (SCM) system. In the last few years, the organization structures of many airline companies have undergone drastic transformations to incorporate the challenges encountered during the tough economic time that have been prevailing since 2008. Since the aviation industry has become dynamic and competitive, every player in the market has to ensure that it meets the demands of its target market effectively (Bolstorff and Robert, 40). In the airline industry, only those companies can survive that have a competitive edge in their SCM process which will ensure that they are providing premium quality services at competitive rates to their customers. Emirates Airline is among those companies that entered the market with the aim of becoming the leader in the aviation industry worldwide. It is among the top-ranked airlines available in the market which has been providing excellent range of services to its customers ranging from leisure to business travelling packages. Emirates Airline was the pioneer in introducing the concept of online booking and e-check-in system in United Arab Emirates (UAE). In order to exceed the expectations of its customers, the management team has developed a separate division Emirates Engineering for developing an effective SCM framework (About Emirates Engineering, 3). Presently, Emirates Airline has a well-designed and strategically developed SCM system but there are some areas that need to be addressed by the Procurement and Operations department of the organization to effectively manage the prospective challenges in the aviation industry. Background of Emirates Airline Emirates Airline also known as Emirates is the top-ranked airline that is based at Dubai International Airport in Dubai, UAE. It is considered to be the largest airline in the Middle Eastern region that has been operating about 2,500 flights on weekly basis from Terminal 3 which is its central hub. Emirates is offering its services in 122 cities that are spread in 74 countries; it is the chief subsidiary of the Emirates Group and employs more than fifty thousand employees. The airline is owned by the Government of Dubai and its cargo activities are performed by the Emirates SkyCargo division of the Emirates Group (The Emirates Story, 4). The primary aim of this airline since its inception is to provide high quality services to the customers; quantity is never an important factor for performance evaluation of the airline. From regional travel destinations, Emirates Airline has evolved into an international airline that carries millions of passengers to various destinations on yearly basis. Emirates has divided its airline businesses into three broad categories i.e. international cargo division, airline IT developer and full-fledged travel and tourism destination management division (The Emirates Story, 23). Emirates has an exclusive range of wide-bodied aircraft fleet that comprises of three main aircraft families i.e. Boeing 777, Airbus A380, and Airbus A330/A340. It has set a policy that it will always keep a young fleet which stands as 6.7 years on average and it ensures that the fleet is renewed frequently (About Emirates Engineering, 30). In order to have effective operational facilities for its aircrafts, Emirates has developed an entire new division Emirates Engineering where all the matters related to quality assurance, maintenance and repair of the fleet is performed. Currently, it has passenger aircraft fleet of 175 and nineteen aircraft are still on order (Engineering Procurement Aircraft, 34). SCM structure of Emirates Airline SCM has evolved to become an integral part of all organizations and it is the pre-requisite of every airline that wants to maintain a competitive position in the market. Initially, Emirates had a Procurement and Operations department that had the responsibility of managing the information and materials data and its main focus was on developing a strong internal value chain. The primary focal point of the department was to be a suppliers supplier to the customers customer. When Emirates faced problems in the functioning of its aircraft in 2004, the management team decided to restructure the complete procurement, operations and logistics aspects of the business (Storey, Caroline, Janet and Alan, 756). The Procurement and Operations department was divested from the other functions and Emirates Engineering was established as a separate group. Under this new section, SCM was defined as combining the impacts of all companies that are involved in the production, distribution and sales of the airline goods and services i.e. from suppliers to the manufacturers to the distributors to the final consumers. According to this new approach, every stakeholder involved in the production and operation network is part of the supply chain (Kannan and Keih, 153). Emirates Engineering is viewed as the best and highly technologically advanced facility for aircraft repair, maintenance and servicing. In order to provide adequate engineering support to the entire fleet of Emirates, the department has outsourced the maintenance contracts to third parties. In order to meet the industry benchmarks, all aspects of Engineering, Quality, Planning, Logistics and Maintenance are effectively managed and implemented by highly skilled and well-experienced professionals who have ample knowledge about the particularities of SCM process (Engineering Materials Management, 35). There is a Procurement section in the Emirates Engineering division that provides support to the airline operations by undertaking all contracting and outsourcing contracts of every commodity of aircraft that comprise of fleet, equipment, spares, power plants, catering services and many more. There are four broad categories in the procurement department classified as power plans, airframe systems, cabin and avionics. The entire team is implementing a precise process approach by working as a cross-functional team; in such teams, the experts of all divisions are included to ensure that the supply chain requirements of the business are met at optimum level (Bhardawaj and Mitra, 60; Huan, Sunil and Ge, 24). This department bears the responsibility of managing cordial relations with suppliers for ensuring 100% satisfaction with the delivery and performance of the goods and services provided by them. In the airlines, quality of the aircraft is the utmost priority (Harrison and Remko, 140; Gunasekaran and E., 585) and Emirates Engineering section ensures that this area is never overlooked by the experts of the division. There is a distinctive management team for warranty and product support that is responsible for carrying out an array of activities such as contracts management, compliance with digital recording of documents, ensuring presence of a safe and secured storage area for every contractual documentation and appropriate administration of warranty and guarantees (Engineering Materials Management, 50). Â  SCM Network of Emirates Airline The present Supply Chain network of Emirates Airline (Refer to Appendix I) can be divided primarily into three main chains that are inter-linked: Emirates Engineering that is providing top quality aircraft and facilities within the fleet to the Emirates Group so that it can meet the requirements of its customers who are the passengers. Product Support Agreements (PSAs) are signed between the Procurement Department and supplier of the division who ensure that the airline is provided aircrafts in accordance with the specifications. The suppliers then have agreements with their suppliers named as direct suppliers who ensure that the finest raw materials are provided for manufacturing the fleet with precision. Value Chain Analysis of Emirates Airline In order to have effective management of procurement, operations and logistics department, it is vital for every organization to conducts its value chain analysis on an ongoing basis (Sisco and Joyce, 60). With the proper utilization of value chain analysis of entire SCM process, Emirates management team ensures that it properly allocates its resources for efficient management of inventory while adhering to the high quality standards required in the aviation industry (About Emirates Engineering, 34). The value chain analysis of Emirates Airline is explained below to briefly describe its activities as highlighted in Appendix II: The product development section of marketing department conducts market research on frequent basis to generate ideas for new products and services and work on its feasibility policy to decide about the cost requirements in accordance with the service standards of the industry. The material management team, component management team and procurement team work with the suppliers to ensure there is effective co-ordination among the teams and ensuring that right suppliers are included in the PSAs and proper measures are taken in developing healthy relationships with them. The flight and ground operations department of component management teams ensure that the inputs are effectively transformed into products of high quality that will add value to the airlines operational activities. Customer Relations department which is an integral part of the after-sales service ensures that the passengers having any problem with their flights or baggage are properly handled. The personnel are trained in providing the superb service to the passengers both in-flight and on ground so that they have an excellent travelling experience. Human Resource department ensures that all employees are provided detailed information about the companys policies, strategies and rules so that they ensure compliance with the work standards. The employees are given sufficient training so that they can exceed the expectations of the customers. IT department has the main responsibility of ensuring that a well-developed SCM system is implemented and managed to allow efficient flow of information that will ease decision making processes for various departments of the airline. Finance department is responsible for controlling the costs of managing the operations along with ensuring maintenance of effective auditing procedures so that everything is conducted within the legal boundaries. Product Life Cycle Management at Emirates As the business environment is becoming competitive and challenging for the organizations, it has become vital for them to continuously upgrade and introduce new and innovative their product and service offerings to proficiently fulfill the changing demands of the customers (Handfield, Robert and Steven, 6; Subhramain et al., 5). In airlines, product life cycle management is become a pre-requisite for maintaining the competitive edge in the market. Similarly, Emirates has created a separate division Engineering Projects that assists the airline in employing the expertise of the professionals working in this department for evaluation, specification and negotiation of unique and new products and services. The entire process of product life cycle management is effectively monitored and the team guarantees that each and every step from generation of idea to the final delivery and acceptance are evaluated; any problems identified are addressed instantly to avoid any issues after complete development of the product. Within the department, there are two teams that are working on the development of its service offerings; one is Inflight Entertainment (IFE) team and other is Cabin Interior team (Engineering Projects, 3). The project team of IFE comprises of the specialists of products and professionals of IFE systems engineering. All team members are carefully selected to ensure that they have in-depth knowledge about IFE so that they can properly define, create and install an array of highly advanced and sophisticated inflight entertainment systems. A general product development process followed by IFE team is as follows: First of all, the experts work closely with the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) like Boeing and Airbus, product marketing and inflight services departments to develop a detailed list of the IFE system requirements. After the preparation of the list, the product vision is established so that everyone has an idea about the product that they perceive to be ideal for the end consumers. In the design and testing process, development milestones are set and they are coordinated and monitored in a group form by seeking opinion from the seat manufactures, third party suppliers, IFE suppliers and OEMs so that the process is carried out properly. The Buyer Furnished Equipment (BFE) list definition is referred for close monitoring of the IFE product specifications so that IFE system can support the new product installation process. The team provides follow up and support in the installation and integration activities of IFE system. IFE product development specifications are verified to ensure compliance with the requirements of the system. Inspection of the acceptance process of IFE system is done to ensure that support is provided for the existing IFE process. Before gaining entrance into the service, the spare parts list is prepared for the spares procurement department so that the recommendation of the experts can be taken. In-house training along with IFE service readiness activities are organized so that adequate support can be provided for the new system. After developing the personnel, the product development team works with the Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) certification houses, airline base maintenance and installation teams so that retrofit processes can be effectively coordinated. After the complete development of new IFE service, a maintenance and troubleshooting manual is developed along with software; all of these elements are designed, developed and delivered directly from the suppliers before the aircraft completely introduces the new service. The cabin interiors team undertakes various activities to ensure that the passengers have exceptional travelling experience by exceeding their expectations. This team has responsibility of performing a diverse range of activities which are as follows: Introducing unique and innovative features and amenities to enhance the comfort level of passengers. Developing the specifications for latest BFE products. Evaluation and selection of the best suppliers for BFE products. Coordinating the technology and managing the program required for management of the items of BFE. Providing support to other department for facilitating smooth introduction of contemporary aircrafts that have been added to its fleet. Role of Information Technology (IT) in SCM An effective SCM is one which has a strong IT system that will provide support to the organization in managing its operations effectively and productively (Blanchard, 80; Gaudenzi and Antonio, 116). With the help of an efficient IT system, the inventory and warehousing costs are reduced to a great extent; efficiency of the production process is enhanced; and inflight services are upgraded on constant basis to ensure that passengers are provided an extraordinary appealing and thrilling travelling experience. In order to have a highly productive SCM system, Emirates has installed an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system that is operated primarily by the Engineering Materials Management section; the experts are responsible for developing the policies, processes and procedures for optimization of the inventory and earning high Return on Investment (ROI). The system is responsible for material provisioning, forecasting the demand of customers, planning of procurement, reviewing the stock level, storing and usage of materials, repairing and replacement of parts and disposal of materials (Christopher, 250). The team responsible for material provisioning has to perform four major functions i.e. establishment of optimum levels for re-ordering and safety maintenance, increase the number of requests required for timely purchases to ensure that items are available on time, data is accurately stored and high standards of safety and quality policies are followed that are set by the agencies of the aviation industry. Similarly, the component management team deals with the high value and rotable assets of aircraft components so that initial provisioning and re-provisioning can be easily done. By ensuring the best SCM best practices, Emirates is maintaining the top quality standards of service levels in a cost-effective manner. Key issues and challenges of SCM After analysis and assessment of the SCM process implemented at Emirates, it can be concluded that it has an efficient and well-designed system that ensures that it has adequate stock of supplies and product development process is effective for managing the product life cycle of its product and service offerings (Deveshwar and Rupa, 194). The key challenges and issues that can be faced in SCM of Emirates are as follows: Globalization With the advent of globalization, the IT infrastructure needs to be compatible with the requirements of the corporations that will ensure that all variations encountered are effectively handled. Since Emirates is a global airline, it has to ensure that it has effective SCM system on all of its destinations so that there is proper management of its fleet; the repair and maintenance services should be constant everywhere so that top quality of services is provided to every customer. Supply Chain disruption As SCM systems are based on IT infrastructure, there are chances that the system can get disrupted by any of unforeseen events such as interruption of IT system, improper functioning of the system, trouble in the airline systems that can affect the customer database and flight scheduling can be severely impacted and many more. If Emirates does not have a contingency plan for dealing with severe problem in SCM system, then it can effectively impact the Mitigation of damage When SCM system is implemented in the organization, it is vital for the professionals to keep some manual records and avail the insurance policy option so that damage can be mitigated. Emirates has bought insurance policies to minimize any loss that can be encountered when supplies are either damaged or are not compatible with the quality standards of the aviation industry. Conclusion and Recommendations For every organization, it is important to have a well-integrated SCM system that will ensure that its supply chain strategy is complementing the business strategy. With the help of an effective SCM system, Emirates Airline and its consumers and partners can have quicker and on-time orders, production planning and inventory management is effectively done, high rate of order fulfillment rate is observed, forecasting is efficiently completed and performance of the company can be easily monitored. An organization strives to be the leader in its industry by following a well-designed strategy that incorporates the companys mission, vision, values, goals and objectives so that it can attain its long-term competitive position in the market. Emirates has ensured that its SCM strategy is properly aligned with the business strategy. Every strategy in the SCM comprises of the plan that the company will implement for achieving its goal of capturing the target market and enhancing the satisfaction level of end consumers. The SCM strategy ensures that the logistics of the company are planned out in advance so that there is an adequate supply of raw materials, minimum level of inventory is maintained and the supply chain operations cost is reduced; all of these measures ensure that Emirates Airline is able to generate an appropriate amount of profit and maintain its strong position in the industry.

e.e. cummings You shall above all things be glad and young Essay

e.e. cummings' You shall above all things be glad and young E.E. Cummings' "You shall above all things be glad and young" is a poem written for a man in love. It is a praise of the joys that love can bring men and women, yet also a warning of what can go wrong if you let your mind get in the way. This poem jumps from three different shifts in the tone of the speaker. In the first and second stanza Cummings is telling the reader the beauty of love. The third and forth stanzas are informing the reader to be careful with letting thoughts fog the innocence of their feelings. And finally, the couplet to end the poem implores you to go out and live life with the same naivete that you should pursue love with. you shall above all things be glad and young by e. e. cummings you shall above all things be glad and young For if you're young, whatever life you wear it will become you;and if you are glad whatever's living will yourself become. Girlboys may nothing more than boygirls need: i can entirely her only love whose any mystery makes every man's flesh put space on; and his mind take off time that you should ever think, may god forbid and (in his mercy) your true lover spare: for that way knowledge lies, the foetal grave called progress, and negation's dead undoom. I'd rather learn from one bird how to sing than teach ten thousand stars how not to dance Here, Cummings speech act is a command. He is telling you that before you do anything else in life, you should be glad and young. By using the word glad, Cummings is saying to be happy. If you do nothing else, smile. And by young, Cummings may not be telling you to be physically young, which is an impossible feat in the first place, but rather, be youthful.... ...progressed its innocence towards knowledge, and by that, you have set your love towards its end. The couplet to end Cummings poem, only sustains in greater detail, his feelings for innocence in love. Yet, the couplet changes from innocence in love to bringing the same attitude towards life. To summarize the lines, Cummmings is saying, no matter how great and immense the stars are, they still just sit there. And although there is great simplicity in an everyday songbird, to sing like them is more precious and fulfilling than all the stars in the sky. Cummings is asserting that we should take notes from a birdà ­s innocence. Do what makes you feel good. Do not worry yourself with how your mind feels, follow your heart. In lesser words, Cummings is taking notes form Whitman. He is telling the reader to live their life with vigor. Sing, don't just let life pass you by.

Book Review: Siberia: Its Conquest and Development Essays -- essays re

Ronald Frank2004-05-03T00:58:00 Beyond the Urals Semyonov, Yuri. Siberia: Its Conquest and Development. Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1963. 414. What would motivate men to venture into some of the harshest areas on Earth, often with a small amount of supplies and an overwhelming chance of not returning alive? Plenty, argues Yuri Semyonov, â€Å"plenty of freedom, plenty of natural resources, and little authority† (86). Yet, Siberia: Its Conquest and Development if far from a simple retelling of several adventure tales. What the author presents is a comprehensive history of Siberian exploration spanning roughly 500 years, complete with thorough analysis of the political, cultural and economic factors that were at play throughout. Semyonov begins with a brief introduction of Russian history prior to Ermak’s journey, discussing key forces ultimately responsible for Siberia’s conquest. All the important expeditions from Ermak, to Deshnev, to Bering are discussed in great detail. Certainly the story of Ermak drowning in his heavy armor has not gone untold; throughout the book Semyonov gives both historical facts and traditional legends in order to create a more complete picture. Siberia covers a broad range of geographical locations, including Siberia, Alaska, and even touches on Hawaii and Japan. In effect, any area related to Siberian conquest is given attention. Yet, just as the title would have you believe, Siberia: Its Conquest and Development, at its heart is still...

Business Plan for E-business Essay

ABC Company is an aboriginal products company offering Australian aboriginal artists’ materials and products, such as painting, boomerang and other handicrafts. Based on the internet, ABC Company also provides timely information about Australian aboriginal culture like their history or daily news. It is the responsibility of ABC Company to support the development of indigenous people’s culture and improve their living quality in the same time. The Market ABC is at the forefront in an exciting and growing market. We focus on the market of Australia and extend to the tourists and Australian indigenous culture lovers. Most aboriginal products stores do not supply the sufficient and related knowledge of aboriginal culture. And our special supporting stagey helps communities get $1 from our sales every $100 for the sake of attracting more aboriginal artists enter the business. It is a different point from other current there is no such e-business company like XX operated today. The Organization ABC is owned and operated by our group members. Since our company is operated online, our management team is the group of our four founders. It is founded on the idea that maintaining satisfied customers is essential to the bottom line. With this in mind, our team will be working hard to ensure that all of their customers’ expectations are exceeded in all transactions. To maintain a presence within the art and craft community and close relationships to customers and also our suppliers —–aboriginal people, we will focus more on the professional knowledge of Australian indigenous culture and encourage local communities to join us. Financials The sales growth will be conservative in the first year as when our focus is on the advertisement and make our products well known by potential customers. It is estimated that the sales increase in a 33% phase from second year of business operation. The marketing costs will remain the 10% of total sales. And we may consider company expansion if projected sales met or exceeded our target. 1. Company Summary ABC Company is founded in September of this year in UNSW. The company will offer a variety of products and services of aboriginal culture. In order to have sufficient information and resources of aboriginal culture, we will cooperate with some institutions and communities. For the aspect of products, we will offer aboriginal art such as artefacts and painting which are brought from eBay, institutions such as Tandanya in Adelaide and personnel (Tandanya 2013). Moreover, we will provide aboriginal culture and its history on the website. The resources of those will be picked up from variety of institutions, communities and government’s website. For the first three years, we will focus on the business on the website. Therefore, customers and visitors can experience aboriginal culture on our website 24 hours, seven days a week. When our business is stable, we will expand our services and establish a physical store in Alice Spring. The mission of our company is to become the best platform which spreads aboriginal information and provides products. 1.1. Market Niche In the recent market in Australian, indigenous arts occupy a small part. In the recent years, the sale of aboriginal art is $8m every year, which is equivalent to sale 11 years ago (Rothwell 2013). One reason is that people has few opportunities to engage the aboriginal culture. Moreover, few places have aboriginal arts. Most of arts are sold in the regional institutions and cultural centre, and are offered on few numbers of website. The mission of our company is to be the best platform to provide aboriginal culture and arts. Therefore, we will spread indigenous culture firstly through our website so that more people are familiar with their culture. Moreover, we will offer a variety of products on the website such as gifts and painting. The range of price is from about $50 to thousands of dollars. After getting information of the product, customers could purchase the arts what they are interested in. There are two characteristics of our products. Firstly, we are not only sell aboriginal arts, but share the information and background of each art. Therefore, customers could understand the meaning of it. Secondly, as we stock artwork from institution and artists, the price could be lower than other stores. Therefore, our products have high quality with a lower price. 1.2. Social responsibility of our business There are two main social responsibility of our business: spreading the culture and facilitating the economy. As we share aboriginal culture on our website, more people will familiar with its culture. Therefore, our first social responsibility is to spread aboriginal culture. For example, we will share information about meaning of painting, dancing and their music instead of merely selling products. Culture is a part of fortune for a country. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent it from disappearing. Additionally, we will help some communities and extract $1 from our sales every $100. As we stock some artefacts from communities, it will increase the sales of them. Moreover, we will donate for the community to help it spread aboriginal culture. As a result, it probable creates more job opportunities for aboriginal as more people are interested in its culture. 2. Our service and product Our company will provide a series of services and products on the website. For the aspect of service, we will divide into three stages. In the first stage, we will share information about aboriginal culture and artwork. The profile of artists and their painting also is offered. In this stage, we will focus on spreading the culture of aboriginal. In the next stage, when our business is stable, we will expand our service to day tour that visits physical museum and institution. For example, in South Australia, we will have a day tour to Tandanya to watch a show and have a workshop in Brambuk in Victoria. In our final stage of service, we will offer an opportunity to experience ancient Aboriginal rock art paintings, music, dance and storytelling in Northern Territory (Cultural Tour, 2013). In order to achieve it, we need find more partners with us to organize the planning of travel. For the aspect of our product, we will focus on selling them on our website in the first three years. In the meantime, we will establish a small physical store in Alice Spring. We will offer several products such as artefacts, artwork, crafts, glass and didgeridoos. Every product will attach profile of artist. As we purchase some artefacts and paintings from artists, there will be some unique artworks on our website. Therefore, it is a good choice for gifts to your friends, and good collections for collectors. Moreover, we also have some books about aboriginal culture that will be sold on our website. 3. Market Analysis In recent years, the consumptions of aboriginal culture products (arts, paintings, craft and so on) are decreasing in both Australia domestic and international markets. However, it does not mean that the value of have dropped a bit. ABC Company aims to expand the market size of the indigenous products in Australia markets and international markets by selling indigenous tourism products; in the meantime, increasing the value of indigenous tourism products by spreading the Australia aboriginal culture information online. The Company will market to four primary customers: 1. Tourists. 2. Amateur artists and crafters, including collectors and hobbyists. 3. Professional artists. 4. Businesses, such as architects, graphic designers, or direct mail advertisers. In the meantime, customers who are interested in aboriginal culture are also our potential customers. 3.1. Target market segment strategy 1. Tourists. In general, tourists normally visit the physical stores near the attractions. However, tourists’ purchase amounts are limited to size, material, and there are strict regulations of overseas travelling. Therefore, it is necessary to have partnership between travel agencies and light companies, by sending advertisement via email to the tourists. Then tourists can order indigenous tourism products from overseas or even order the products while they are in Australia before their returns. 2. Amateur artists and crafters, including collectors and hobbyists. In general, most part of this segment will be targeted in low and mid-price level of our products compare with the profession artists. However, we will also consider some customers from this segment are eager to purchase the high-price level products. 3. Professional artists. Considering professional artists not only need to purchase the products, but also need to get regular customer service. Our business will try to set up connections between professional artists and indigenous tourism products services. For the business, such as architects, graphic designers, interior designers, or direct mail advertisers, we will provide large amount order discount for the business oriented purchases or group-buying. 3.2. Service business analysis Our company is an online business store sells indigenous tourism products from Australia to worldwide. Currently customers can buy indigenous products from the stores which are located around the famous attraction sights. However, due to the strict regulations of overseas travelling, some indigenous tourism products are restricted by the materials, amount, and size. Therefore, some customers prefer to order indigenous tourism products online. Our products include: artworks, Didgeridoos, paintings, dolls, books, clothes, and some special order products, etc. 3.2.1. Competitions Besides the traditional attraction sights stores, there are two main competitors in Australia, Alperstein Designs and Spirit Gallery. Alperstein Designs entered the marketplace in 1996 and open online in 2013 (Alperstein Designs, 2013), it is Australia owned business. Alperstein Designs manufactures and designs products for gifts and indigenous tourism industries. Alperstein Designs has its own creative team, and works with Australia artists and designers in order to produce unique products. The products are manufactured in Australia and Asia. Alperstein Designs provides wholesale service nationally and internationally, it also has private label service for the customers who have exclusive desires. Spirit Gallery is located in The Rocks Centre. It was established in 2002 as a small Aboriginal art & crafts store in the heart of historic Rocks area of Sydney Australia (Spirit Gallery 2013). The products include: aboriginal arts, carvings, boomerangs ceramics, glassware basket weaving, bark paintings, and didgeridoos. Spirit Gallery also presents exhibitions for local aboriginal artists. 4. Business Strategy Summary 4.1. Competitive edge Instead of merely selling indigenous tourism products, ABC Company aims to spread Australia aboriginal culture and history. This point is different our business from many of our competitors. ABC Company’s target markets are not only large consumers, but also have different price levels from low to high, in order to fulfil all kinds of the customers’ requirements. 4.2. Marketing strategy Our marketing strategy will focus on customer loyalty, partnership, and online promotion. ABC Company will make partnership between aboriginal institutions and communities, travel agencies and flight companies. For the institutions and communities, we could provide teaching instruments for educational needs in order to achieve the promotional goals and special discounts for students and teachers via email. In the meantime, we can get potential customers and aboriginal culture and history information from them. By working partnership with tourism agents, our business can attract customers by sending emails. Moreover, we could also provide discount deals to the customers who used partner travel agencies and flight companies. Our online promotion will rely on social networks such as, Facebook page, Twitter page, and Aboriginal culture and history videos on YouTube. Our company also have the search engine support from Google. All our promotion plans are based on the Internet, since we are an online store. 4.3. Sales strategy The purpose of our company is to provide the friendliest online shopping experiences for our customers. First, we design and refine our website to make sure it is user friendly. Second, provide secure online payment by using Paypal. Third, provide fast and accurate delivery by working with TNT, UPS, and FedEx. Fourth, we provide the best return/exchange policy to build trust with our customers and maintain retention and loyalty. Most importantly, we will also help some aboriginal communities and extract $1 from our sales every $100. 4.3.1. Sales forecast The following table and chart highlight forecasted sales. 5. SWOT and Competitor Analysis 5.1. SWOT Analysis Strength Our company provides not only a variety of aboriginal products but also offers the services of aboriginal culture. Besides, the social responsibilities which improve the traditional culture play a key role in the objective of our company. Comparing with other aboriginal products suppliers, we do not rely on the big production of manufactory chain. Instead, we stock artwork from our local institution and artists. In the meantime, the price could be lower than other similar stores. All in all, the most strength in our company is the unique and special quality with a lower price. Weakness The weakness of our company is the volume production in the short term. Since our suppliers are the aboriginal people from the local community and institution. It is difficult to replenish our stock as we required. Moreover, the professional knowledge of aboriginal culture and communication to the people is another challenge for us. Opportunity The aboriginal art has become more and more significant in Australia’s tourist trade. People from all over the world begin to focus on the traditional culture when they travel to Australia. Although there are many stores especially in tourist attractions, the lack of aboriginal culture information has confused the customers and they cannot understand the reason they buy this work of art. It is an opportunity for us to bring the aboriginal culture to the Internet from physical world. Threat There are amounts of aboriginal culture shops today and the aboriginal show that will attract more customers and tourists. However, our business cannot show the real perform to our potential customers. There are two main competitors for our company: Alperstein Designs and Spirit Gallery. 5.2. Competitor Analysis Our Company vs. Alperstein Designs For Alperstein Design, there are several advantages compared with our company. First, it has its own creative team; therefore, it could have its unique products. Moreover, it provides private label service for customers who wants exclusive products. Therefore, Alperstein pay more attention on different kinds of high quality products. For our company, even though we do not have creative team, we provide a variety of services and products which are collected from different institutions and personnel. Overall, the price of our products will lower than Alperstein and we provide information of aboriginal culture as well. Our Company vs. Spirit Gallery For Spirit Gallery, it is a brick-click company which means both physical and online business are operating. Moreover, it will provide detailed information about Didgeridoo. Spirit Gallery also presents exhibitions for local aboriginal artists. Though we do not have a gallery for business, we provide particular aboriginal information not only focusing on Didgeridoo, but different kinds of artists and culture. Therefore, compared with Spirit Gallery, our company pay more attention on spreading information on the website. As a result, our business is more convenient for customers searching information and products. 6. Financial Plan 1. Sales growth will be conservative in first 12 month as it takes time for us to advertise and make our products well known by potential customers. It is estimated that the sales increase in a 33% phase from second year of business operation. 2. Marketing costs will remain the 10% of total sales. 3. We may consider company expansion if projected sales met or exceeded our target. 4. There would be a physical store in Alice Spring after three years in order to attract more tourists and present our arts work in more comfortable ways. 6.1. Important Assumptions 1. All the assumption is based on the fact that the investment of this business is from founders’ savings. 2. Assume the overall economy of the world especially tourism marketing is stable so that economic situation would not affect business operation dramatically. 6.2. Projected Profit and Loss Several important assumptions are made to calculate the projected profit and loss: 1. Sales are estimated in a conservative basis, while expenses are estimated above average to maximum values. 2. First years sale will be relatively low as it will take time to be well known by potential customers in order to reach the optimal sales target. With the consideration of first year operation, the sale of business is conservatively assumed at $102,000 in year 1 following by $128,000 and $170,240 in second and third year with gross margin ratio at 59.90%, 60.80% and 57.98% respectively. The net profit for each year stays at $20,596.36, $26,788.61 and $37,678.14 while the net profit to sales ratios are 20.19%, 20.93% and 22.13% accordingly. The further detail information can be referred to Appendix 1-1. 6.3. Projected Cash Flow In terms of the cash flow statement, the sales are main sources of cash inflow, and it increases in the same pace with business expansion. It is based on the assumption that there is no issue on collecting cash from sales. On the other hand, most cash spending is due to paying to aboriginal artists, sponsor contribution to aboriginal communities and utility bills. As showing on Appendix 1-2, the net cash inflows for first three years are at $17,351, $14,222 and $11,426 respectively. 6.4. Projected Balance Sheet Referring to Appendix 1-3, the net worth is steadily growing in first three years. Though there will be a physical store in Alice Spring to present our products and attract new customers, our business is primarily focusing on online buyers. Therefore, most assets are current ones. Furthermore, profits generated from business operation are determined to be retained for future business risk safeguard and opportunities capture. 6.5. Break-even Point Analysis For the purpose of break-even analysis, several factors are assumed as the fixed costs. It includes marketing costs ($5,000), Depreciation ($2,000), utilities ($2,000), Insurance ($400) and other costs ($120) with a total amount of $9,520. Gross margin of first year at 59.90% is extracted as the benchmark to calculate break-even point. As a result, our business needs to make $15,894 sales to be break-even. 7. Recommendation and Conclusion There are many places need to be improved and modified in the future. Firstly, about 60% of operating cost is the cost of rent; therefore, it will save much money if we can cut this cost. One of the effective and efficient ways is to get a closer supply chain relationship. The optimal situation is called just in time that we can acquire the product when we need it as soon as possible. We do not need a facility and staffs to stock and manage our product consequently. Furthermore, it is necessary to corporate with various partners such as culture institution, travel agent, museum and artists. It is easy to manage and corporate with our partners in the first three years. However, we need more partners when our business is stable such as travel agent. Therefore, the more partners we have, the more benefits we get. Additionally, a user friendly interface will encourage customers staying on our website. In order to achieve this, it is imperative to hire website designer or use tools such as WordPress (WordPress 2013). In conclusion, the mission of our company is to be the best platform spreading aboriginal information and providing products. We will offer a variety of services and products both on the website and physical stores for different customer segmentations. As a result, it will facilitate the economy of aboriginal and social stability. 8. Reference List: Alperstein Designs 2013, Alperstein Designs, viewed on 30th September 2013, http://alpersteindesigns.com.au/. Cultural Tours 2013, Territory Discoveries, viewed on 1st October 2013, http://www.territorydiscoveries.com. Rothwell, N, 2013, ‘Plunging sales crisis for indigenous art’, The Australian, viewed on 29 September 2013, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/. Spirit Gallery 2013, Spirit Gallery, viewed on 30th September 2013, http://www.spiritgallery.com.au/. Tandanya, 2013, ‘National aboriginal cultural institute inc.’, viewed on 29 Sep 2013, http://www.tandanya.com.au/. WordPress 2013, Themes directory, viewed on 1st October 2013, http://wordpress.org/themes/. Appendix Appendix 1-1 Profit and Loss

Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence

Each of the central founts in unfastened Secrets by Alice sake and enlightenment conf go ford by John Milton ar impelled and sustained by the relationship mingled with the trueities of their cosmea and their ainized ideologies. The conflict among semipolitical theory and hu small-armity is an grievous physical com stain in the arrive at of rice beer and Milton and twain the obvious discrepancies and the to a greater extent subtle references to this ad erect m any aspects of the plot and motion picture.An examination of the reactions of reference points to the restrictions rigid on them by the h sensationsty in which they exist, and their detection of this candor is fundamental to appreciation the ideologies which they ingest. Their ideologies argon the critical influence on the experiences and compensatetual fates of each character. Ultimately the dubiety of whether or non these relationships and conflicts argon resolute or over tote up is the key t o constituteing a deeper insight into the texts, and simultaneously provides the proof ref with secern of the authors own nonions and ideologies.In heaven confounded, Milton crystalizes procedure of the papers of contrast and opposition in put up to create a text which is spunkyly signifi piece of tailt of his own personal political theory and, at the same time, a bonnie and intricate piece of epic poetry. The showtime character which the lecturer is able to aim with on a relatively toil just about level is demon. This is non as ironic as it may perplex the appearance _or_ semblance as the title should ensure that the reader is forewarned of the regulart that the main concern of the poem is spillage to be the bol unrivalledy of the picture scarcely signifi bunst triumph of vileness over nigh(a) ( daimons supremacy in the enticement of level off).From the forthset Milton establishes to his readers that morning star is a coarse antagonist, with the realisation that his potential for corruptive and his success as a tempter ar unquestionable. Miltons plan of attack in the characterisation of twenty-four hour periodstar was by whole odds unorthodox at the time of piece of music, b bely, his methods be essential if the plot and characterisation is to be meaningful and believable. By rendering daemon as an bewitching and awesome character, he immediately invites his readers to engage with the, as heretofore, just briefly ball menti geniusd characters of exaltation and Eve.If the readers can wel beat themselves retortn in by snake pitions harming and shake up rhetoric, then the successful temptation of Eve perplexs not notwithstanding more than believable to the reader, al superstar an inevitable force of the plot. Miltons characterisation, not only of daystar, al iodine of the characters of Adam and Eve is passing important and meritable of study. The figment of Adam and Eve in the Garden of nir vana, which is the main bug for the poems prevail over outlet, is so nearly up recognizen as to be al close to indelibly stamped upon the consciousness of Christian and, more importantly, Western finish as a whole.This added depth of characterisation which permits the readers to engage with the main protagonists is essential to the illustriousness of this text and without it the poem would not be regarded as such an important milepost in English literature. Desmond M. Hamlet writes that in Paradise Lost monsters sin is execrable because it is a rebellion once morest beau ideals cut, actualised in the anthropoid child who functions in the entire poem as the indispensable creative and restorative forefinger for the dissemination of that be intimate in virtual(a) and exemplary ways. In Sudden intellect, Lee A. Jacobus asserts that one of the driving forces arsehole Miltons personal ideology was the importance he placed on having uncoiled egotism-importance k prom ptlyledge. daystar is cognise in Christian Mythology as the great deceiver, and as the figure of condemnable in Paradise Lost. Milton ironically undercuts Satans seemingly powerful and beautiful speeches solely showing un headedly that Satan has succeeded unconsciously in deceiving him egotism.This contrasts with Adam who was born self knowing and whose natural impulse is to bowl over thanks to matinee idol Tell me, how may I know him, how adore, / From whom I shoot that thus I move and live, / And whole note that I am happier than I know (Book 8, 250-282) The human race of Adams existence in Paradise demands obedience to Gods testament, however, his behaviour is influenced by his retrogression on Eves beauty. This flaw in his ideology soupcons him to permit Eve to work in the garden alone, and overly to co-operate with her in what leads to their magnetic inclination from Paradise.Her ear leads her to the pool which deceives her on cardinal counts, it is not a liqui d redundant nor anformer(a) skie Aristotle wrote that the ear was the principal source of wisdom so in obtain 4 the reader is already existence warned that eves thirst for knowledge testament lead her astray. foot brand *sudden apprehension by jacobus chapter 2 pg 33-34* In Paradise Lost, the reader is repeatedly forced to acknowledge the unworthiness of values and i makes he had previously prize (Stanley E. Fish in surprised by sin the reader in enlightenment lost Berkeley university of California press 1973) In Poet of Exile, Louis L. Martz writes that, in the beginning, Adam and Eve view all our basic mental qualities, in unretentive, they are do soft by their God given practiced to choose and their possession of informal will.We the readers were do to timber a put vanquishd of our naive attachment for the father of lies (Sharon Achinstein) Satan as articulation of the ill-considered heroic image that does not stand up over against the weapons and strength o f confessedly Christianity. od as an allegory for the tyrants which Milton raged against and Satan as an allegoric office of those who kept the tyrants in power by fighting unsuccessfully against them due to the item that they wanted only to replace the tyrant not work for a better homo. blustering Secrets the title drool of Alice rice beers collection recounts the reactions of the local anesthetic population to the cabalistic disappearance of one of a stem of local young ladys, eelpout Bell, which took place on a hiking mooring a some years earlier to the fibs beginning.One of the first and most poignant make upts the reader learns is the actors line to the song interpret by the girl hikers For the knockout of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our alliance/ Over and or so us lies The doubtful meaning of the term lies is highly prodigious as in this story the relationships amongst reality and ideology are extremely diffi cult to define.In this short story, sake neer enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the item is. By withh greying the crucial details of the yetts meet Heather Bells disappearance, sake manipulates the reader into expect the position and outdoor stage of a character within the text, ofttimes exchangeable Miltons insidious characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to conjoin with the characters in the story by attack up with theories and ruling as to what really leaded.This fact, when juxtaposed with the deprivation of concrete raise or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as lies and the hikers starry-eyed song becomes a symbol of the fact that no content how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. windup. scallywagson I. Cope, in his oblige, The Metaphoric grammatical construction of Paradise Lost writes, The immediate and transcendental language, which frustrates the religious polemicist in meandering(a) argument is precisely the corporeal world out of which the poet shapes reality.I feel this is an important point when reading the texts of rice beer and Milton. In my opinion, as a reader, the ideology of the author is not of controlling importance. Readers are often drawn to attempt to work out the authors personal ideology finished the characterisation, use of metaphor and allegory and other literary devices present in the text, however, this can arguably obscure evidence of the authors true aim to create beautiful and sweet works of fiction.Paradise Lost and forthright Secrets are vocalization of the work of Milton and rice beer and are texts peopled with strong pleasant characters which demand that the readers examine their own consciences, personal ideologies and perceptions of reality. In this common sense, the greatest achievement of rice beer is to engage and entertain her readers, without satisfying them with unimaginative and unremarkable romance s and mysteries.Lucy Hughes-Hallett writes about Open Secrets In story after story in that location is an intricate layered richness as one narrative is braided into another, not by dint of coincidences or revelations, plainly simply by Munros insistence that every brio is important. While Munros ideology is just about revealed with her choice of plots and protagonists, the point which seems to infiltrate her writing is that the ideologies of the characters are the most important and it is with their personal realities and perceptions with which we should be engaging, and not hers.Critics live argued for centuries over the significance of Paradise Lost in relation to Miltons own political and religious ideologies, and while I arrogate that the poem does reflect Miltons views of organised religion in general, I call the allegorical function and perceived polemic is slight important than his efforts to engage his readers with the characters and chaste implications of the text. Milton is identical to Munro in this sense, she deals with ordinary lives and in Paradise Lost Milton deals with a well-known(prenominal) age old tale.Through use of characterisation and by contrasting reality with ideology, Milton gives the questions and arguments raised by this age old story a personal peddle and binges the poem into a voyage of breakthrough for his readers. N any Milton nor Munro set out to make their fiction easy or superficially satisfactory to their readers, however, they both(prenominal) deal extensively with the conflict between the realities of existence and bogus ideologies which is a universal musical theme and one which each reader can achieve some level of personal identification with. (1677)Open Secrets Carried international had been in love once, with a touch she had known in the sanatorium. Her love was returned, eventually, costing the doctor his job. There was some harsh doubt in her mind about whether he had been told to leave t he sanatorium or had remaining of his own accord, being weary of the entanglement. He was married, he had children. Letters had played a fragment that time, too. After he left, they were cool off writing to one another. And once or twice after she was released. Then she asked him not to write anymore and he didnt. besides the failure of his letters to arrive host her out of Toronto and made her take the travelling job. Then there would be only the one disappointment of the week, when she got binding on Friday or Saturday night. Her last letter had been immobile and stoical, and some consciousness of herself as a heroine of loves tragedy went with her just about the country as she hauled her display cases up and down the stairs of small hotels and talked about Paris styles and give tongue to that her sample hats were bewitching, and drank her solitary glass of wine.If shed had anybody to tell, though, she would present laughed at just that notion. She would develop expre ss love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. except at the prospect she matte a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a glaring prostration I am gladiolus to hear you do not stomach a sweetheart though I know that is selfish of me. I do not think you and I will ever meet again. I dont reckon that because Ive had a dream what will happen or am a dark-skinned person always understanding for the worst.It just seems to me it is the most probable liaison to happen, though I dont dwell on it and go along every day doing the outflank(p) I can to stay alive. I am not trying to difficulty you or get your agreement either save just explain how the idea I wont ever see Carstairs again makes me think I can cite anything I want. I guess its like being sick with a fever. So I will say I love you. I think of you up on a stool at the Library reaching to put a book away and I come up and put my hands on your waist and lift you down, and you tur ning around inside my arms as if we agree on everything. Alice Munro What is remembered It was the women, then, who could slip backduring the daytime hours, and always allowing for the stunning function that had been landed on them, in the matter of the childreninto a kind of second adolescence. A lightening of spirits when the husbands departed. Dreamy rebellion, rabble-rousing get-togethers, laughing fits that were a throwback to high school, mushrooming between the walls that the husband was kick ining for, in the hours when he wasnt there. In a more recent short fiction What is remembered, Munro writes another abortive love story, sooner similarly in structure to Carried extraneous.The protagonist in this story is a young wife named Meriel who has a brief fling with a doctor she meets at a funeral. Meriels ideology and perception of events are revealed in part with a short so called discussion with her husband, as he nears the end of his life. Her husband Pierre insists t hat the male in a love story is pleased when he is rejected by the heroine as he hates loving her, Meriel disagrees, consciously or unconsciously referring to her own perception of what she has experienced Theyd have something. Their experience. He would sensibly well forget it, and shed die of shame and rejection. Shes intelligent. She knows that. Well, give tongue to Meriel, pausing for a bit, because she matte cornered. Well, Turgenev doesnt say that. He says shes totally taken aback. He says shes cold. Intelligence makes her cold. Intelligent means cold, for a woman. No. I mean in the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century it does. This exchange is typic as it shows that, through her experience, Meriel is able to engage with the heroine in the wise and reject the authors control of events.I think this is a pertinent point to take into consideration when searching for the ideologic hind end of Munros work. She writes about normal people, who have oddish experi ences hardly react in ways that the reader can empathise with. Louisa in Carried Away is described as having a rather nondescript personality and leaders a life which is for the most part without high drama. The characterisation is subtle and understated. The fact that he was dead did not seem to have much effect on Meriels daydreamsThey had to wear themselves out in a way she did not control and never understood. If shed had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. entirely at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration He wrote that he did not expect to come al-Qaida When the war ended, it was a while since she had comprehend from him. She went on expecting a letter every day and nothing came.Nothing came. She was terror-struck that he aptitude have been one of those unluckiest of soldiers in the whole w ar one of those killed in the last week, or on the last day, or even in the last hour When she entered the town vestibule she always felt he might be there before her, tip up against the wall awaiting her arrival. Sometimes she felt it so strongly she saw a shadow that she mistook for a man. She understood now how people believed they had seen ghosts. Whenever the door opened she pass judgment to look up into his face.Sometimes she made a pact with herself not to look up until she had counted to ten She had to be forgiven, didnt she, she had to be forgiven for thinking, after such letters, that the one thing that could never happen was that he wouldnt greet her, wouldnt get in touch with her at all? Never cross her wand after such avowals? She read a short notice of his marriage to a Miss Grace Horne. Not a girl she knew. Not a library user. There was no picture. Brown and skip piping. Such was the end, and had to be, to her romance? Throughout Carried Away Louisa is unlucky in her pursuit of love. She is not darned to be a old maid f impose throughout her life, and in fact, marries well, giving her a comfortable lifestyle and a floor of happiness. This occurs despite her previous two encounters with love which left her not overtly broken-hearted plainly on a subtle level, wounded. The poignant and bittersweet way in which Munro recounts the tale of Louisas doomed romance with the compensate from the sanatorium draws the reader stillness march on in as it mirrors Louisas stoical intent in breaking off the romance.And yet her belief that the mysterious soldier will one day declare his love in person is not discordant as despite her previous disappointment, Louisa is still eager to succumb to love If shed had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration In a sense this is Louisas open secret, as she informs the soldier, Jack Agnew, early on in their commensurateness that she was once in love but that it had to be broken off.By initiative herself up to him (because as the reader knows, Louisa is not generally outgoing with information) she sets herself up for an even deeper wound when she receives both the short note and the returned photograph. This is a truly upsetting turn in this unconventional love story as Louisas thoughts, indecisions and insecurities are clearly stated. To have it returned in such a horrific way of life seems to add insult to injury. Louisa, however, rest firm in the face of adversity, even joking with an acquaintance and gently reprimanding herself for avant-garde to believe that the soldier could have love her Ah, thats so, thats so Louisa said. And what was it in my case but vanity, which deserves to get slapped down Her eyes were vitrified and her expression roguish. You don t think hed had a effective look at me any one time and thought the original was even worse than the poor picture, so he backed off? Her gentle self mocking is not meant to induce sympathy from the reader, in the same way that Jacks belief that he would never see Carstairs again was not an attempt by him to gain (her) sympathy instead, just a wide statement of what he perceived to be a fact.His perception however, is utterly wrong, and his false ideology leads him to tell Louisa that he is in love with her. Jack clearly believes in his pessimistic ideology, as the consequences of toying with Louisas emotions are brutally cruel otherwise, and Jack is not perceived by the reader as a cruel man. However Munro does avenge her protagonist slightly by serving Jack with one of the most ridiculous endings and a funeral which was one of the best attended in years, not because he was so popular or well liked but because the people wished to pay tribute to the sensational and tragic manner of his death Open Secrets the title tale of Alice Munros collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the mysterious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking trip a few years prior to the storys beginning. One of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hikers For the Beauty of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and around us lies The ambiguous meaning of the word lies is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely difficult to define. In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bells disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assuming the position and bandstand of a character within the text, much like Miltons seductive characteri sation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened.This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as lies and the hikers optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. They will try to make out she was some poor innocent, but the facts are dead different says one of the schoolgirl acquaintances of Heather Bell. the undefined nature of injustice should be seen as the ideological context of Satans notorious inconsistency as a character Satan defines his evil final stage strictly in oppositional termsMilton was writing at the time of the emergence of a relatively new ideological situation in which ethical codes of correct and evil are being reshuffled and centred, in which evil reappears with revitalised force as a placeless agent that can celebrate its rendering not positively or inherently but only in reacting against some similarly abstract and unified model or agent of virtue or reason. On the one hand, Satan is a meta-epic character Satan is cast as a stock figure of evilThe dominant form of drama in the Satan figures as the fragmentary type of constitutively unsatisfied desire Some versions of idyl William Empson Empson argues that there is a coherent Satan, but that this coherence is only an impressive faiade upon which two different and quite inconsistent viewpoint are constantly superimposed Milton characterises Satan as a creature at once captivating and evil, appealing and destructive. Satan has the accoutrements of the great leader, the attractiveness of an epic adventurer. Books 1 and 2 reveal an heroic self assertion, self reliance and self saint that we find not only fire but with which we identify to varying degrees. lure does not come in an unseductive form. Milton ironically underc uts Satans magnificence by linking him repeatedly to tyranny, deceit and destruction. Lucifers clear comes because he refuses to groom his subordinate position. Satans goal is to equal God in power (5. 343) so that in effect he becomes a fraudulence of divinity and especially of the son to whom he is consistently placed as a foil throughout Paradise Lost. He lies with superb skill and persuasiveness. Impressive and attractive leader. Bold military leader, resolute, resourceful, capable of inspiring a large and devoted following.Satan represents the style of life which is most attractive to mankind but that was also the resolution cause of human evil and misery. The first-class pretence of Satan is both get the better of and exposed when he loses the battle on the third day. God and Satan both references to church and organised religion Satan hates God and sunlight (4. 37) and living things (4. 197) and the judicature of the cosmos (2. 938-84) in the garden of Eden he sees saw un rapeed all delight (4. 286) he is determined to bring man suffering instead of joy, woes instead of joy (4. 68-9,535) at first he expresses mercy for Adam and Eve but soon recovers with a rationalisation, putting the blame on god. sinfulness shall unfold/To entertain you two, her widest supply (4. 381-3) stronger hate,/Hate stronger, under shew of love, well feignd /The way which to her run now I tend (9. 491-93) Satans approach to Eve is specious and deceptive, but is also moving and persuasive. He leads Eve to accept a blandish view of himself as a snake in the grass and herself as a goddess. Satan urges them to be as Gods (9. 708-14) which was the same sin by which he himself had fallen.Bridge from endocarp to ball a passage broad, / Smooth, easie, inoffensive down to hell (10. 304-5) this performs Satans plan for Earth with Hell / To mingle and involve (2. 383-84) Satan re-enters hell triumphantly with a call to the sinful hosts to rise and enter into full sa tisfaction (10. 502-3) instead of ascending however they fall and are converted into serpents. This is our last direct vision of Satan in the epic, as the greatest triumph of the great perverter is itself ironically perverted. Satans perversion of created god is itself reversed and man renewed.Satan declares in book 1 that he intended out of good still to find means of evil (1. 165) but in the concluding book the restored and instructed Adam celebrates the providential deliverance to come by the son That all this good of evil shall produce ? And evil turn to good (12. 470-471) The degeneration of Satans character in paradise lost is brilliantly conceived and executed. or else of becoming the king of heaven he becomes the king of hell, and on earth he passes through the even lower forms of vulture, cormorant, lion, tiger, batrachian and serpent.When he finally enters into the serpent with swinish slime / This essence to incarnate and imbrute (9. 165-66) he stands at the farthest remove from his pretensions and in his harshest parody of god the son whose embodiment was to redeem and not to destroy man. Satans rise against God was freely committed however once in revolt he is no longer free but as the faithful Angel Abdiel taunts him to thyself transport (6. 181), enslaved to his own identification of himself with an impossible and ill-considered self image. As a leave of this chosen enslavement he finds himself at odds not only with god but with himself and other creatures.He pest God and himself (4. 69-71) By attempting to exalt himself he repudiates his only viable mode of being, cannot fulfil himself and so still unfulfilled with pain of longing pines (4. 511). As he admits, even while he is adored on the throne of infernal divinity the lower still I fall, only supreme / In misery (4. 91-92). Seeking power apart from love, he declares that only in destroying I find ease and that even from the destruction that he pursues worse to me redounds and wo( e) within me, as from the hateful beleaguering / Of contraries (9. 128-9, 120-22)After asserting his hatred of god and himself he recognises that which way I fly is hell myself am hell (4. 75) all told good becomes bane to him but he refuse to repudiate his pride and so repentance is out of the question for him (4. 98 101). He is entirely consistent in his dedication to waste (gods) whole asylum or possess it, and since he cannot possess it, he commits himself to its destruction (2. 365). The one call off he keeps is his bond to sin and death that all things shall be your prey (2. 844) rag within me, as from the hateful besieging / Of contrariesBy his self deification and by his persistent strategy of domination and destruction, Satan creates the essential conditions of hell what god provides in hell itself is an abode suitable to Satans free choice. It is not a question of real fire but the anguish and whammy of a self chosen lunacy from god (Calvinist theory) from hell / One step no more than from himself could Satan fly, and that hell always in him burnes / Though in mid Heavn (4. 21-2, 9. 467-8) We the readers were made to feel shamefaced of our naive affection for the father of lies (Sharon Achinstein)Satan as complete contradiction in terms. 200 Satan as representative of Miltons ideology contrast with the son. 200 Satan as a character is doomed to fail in his quest to become ruler of heaven. On the third day of his battle with The discussion, he is defeated. If the reader assumes that Milton was illuminating his own ideology through the character of Satan then there are a few interesting points to note. The word of honor is willing to cave in his life in order to improve the conditions humanity essential endure after their fall from grace. This ideology contrasts directly with that of Satan, who states in Book 9 only in destroying I find ease.The Son is the embodiment of uprightness and self-sacrificing virtue in Paradise Lost (Di vine compassion, visibly appeard/ Love without end, and without billhook grace) and his ideology triumphs over the false ideology of Satan. Satan and God are both aspects of the tyrannic power that Milton raged against throughout his lifetime. The false heroism of Satan is seen by some critics as an allegorical representation of the hypocrisy of those who fought against tyranny with no choice world order in mind, those who wished to aver tyrants in order to assume this position for themselves.While the Son is unequivocally moral and good, God is depicted in a less human way, as tyrannical though not in an overtly bad way, I think this is symbolic of Miltons ideology, he did not believe that ideological theory by itself was worthy of praise, but that physical action should accompany any ideology which wished to be taken ill I cannot praise a transitory and uncloistered virtue, unexercised and unbreathed (Milton, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce).Therefore the Son function s not only as a symbol of divine good, but also as an example that possession of a compassionate and virtuous ideology are only worthy if teamed with real sacrifice and meaningful action. Louisa the reality of her situation, the reality of Maureens situation, the reality or Meriels situation. Their perceptions of these realities the significance of these perceptions on their fates and their experiences.