Racism Essay -- essays research papers

What is Racism?Racism is one of those unusual things which seem to escape the understanding of clear and to the pourboire definition. Racism is a system of racial discrimination and prejudice. The concept of race as classifying people can be seen as misleading people and negative as far as its involved in the quality of human life. The term race has been quite confusing because of its four principle connotations. 1. physiological anthropologists have called races the various subspecies of the human race characterized by certain phonotypical and genotypic traits. 2. Laymen have profusely used the word race to describe a human group that shares certain cultural characteristics such as language or religion.3. Race has been loosely used as a synonym for species.4. more social scientists describe race as a human group that defines itself and/or is defined by other groups as different from other groups by moral excellence of having an essential characteristics and unchangeable characte ristics.(Van den Berghe, Race and Racism pg. 42)The last key term to define racism is any set of beliefs that organic, genetically transmitted differences between human groups are associated with the presence or the absence of certain socially relevant abilities or characteristics, hence that such differences are a legitimate basis of invidious distinctions between groups socially defined as races.Racism in AmericaThere is no nation in the valet that sees racis...

The finacial crisi of the French Revolution :: essays research papers

How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In FailingTo Solve It?On the ordinal of supercilious 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to intend the broad(a) extent of the problem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to impel the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by hold offing at Calonnes proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal.First then lets look at the financial situation according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of slightly 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This surface in deficit was due to a grand add-on in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the state was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that french kings of the eighteenth ampere-second were disposed to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was satisfying in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne had anno unced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to put one over a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an intelligible step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings borrowing.The finacial crisi of the French Revolution essays research papers How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In FailingTo Solve It?On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the prob lem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonnes proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal.First then lets look at the financial situation according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the stat e was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that French kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne had announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings borrow ing.

Defining Moments in Song of Solomon, Push, and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas :: comparison compare contrast essays

Defining Moments in Song of Solomon, Push, and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas For those who bask in the light of privilege in the dominant culture, they take for disposed(p) their right to assert themselves and to be acknowledged as somebody who matters. For those who live in the shadowy margins (such as the American poor and/or minorities), they experience the organized denial of the basic human rights - to live at geniuss fullest potential, in other words, an verbotenright denial from living a dignified life. Such a denial might cause one to feel voiceless and choiceless (Objective 1b). It has been the minoritys experience, (historically and in the present day) that the right to achieve ones full potential is kept just out of reach. Minorities must first fight for survival. Then, if thither is enough energy and hope remaining, they can strive to utilize vehicles of assimilation or resistance (Objective 4) in give to carve a place for themselves in th e world. However, this does not mean that a full realization of the American dream is even possible. For every small victory, there remains a bitter aftertaste. In other words, for every step gained, there is a personal or cultural sacrifice (Objective 4). Meanwhile, on the excursion to freedom, the individual is plagued with ghosts of the past. These unyieldings can appear in the form of individual/family oppression (knowledge of emotional pain, physical violence) or in the form of a historical haunting (i.e. knowledge that your ancestor was a slave the traditional family unit broken)(Objective 3). These disturbances continue to surface and demand to be worked through, thus a haunting is another factor that holds one back from achieving their full potential. Whether oppression comes from a large, historical institution such as slavery, or from inter-family abuse, it is the make of suppression that I am exploring in this essay. The process of oppression is where fami lies or institutions withhold or prevent ones self-worth or self-identity to develop. I will explore the personal journeys of the following characters 1) Frederick Douglas from The Classic Slave Narratives, 2) Milkman from Song of Solomon, 3) infrequent from Push, noting how they all share a common path through the darkness of oppression towards the ability to assert their self-identity.